They came before columbus pdf free download

A army of craf't-;mcn. Abuhakurl the Second wwr tooked lmck. I h touk lti" gliot and half! I, Court cen. Carden City, 1 ew York. Program RPprinl. Londou, O Spencer Ttitningham. Lo11don, Chu ami Skimwr. Unli trans. Pickett, London. Pracge1 Pub- hslter,, 1. Bm;ll op. Ot her uwgalithic -. Masalik '' Absar fi1' Mamalfk I'' Gaucll'froy. Pulis, P. Kankan Musa. Sec Trimingham, op. Till' C:otl- kill:,! Cathuumto ,! This "w.. Tlw lip!. Tlwn the perceiHd the other two tonting up behind me and advnnecd towards thclit.

Some ha. But it pnwidC's easy communicalinn with the Cull' of Cuinea, and hcndwaterlt originate in till' same highlands a5. Lh other Arritan flshcrfolk and rh elim traders all tlw way to tlw orth Atlantic. Caught in a strong gale or sucked into a powerful curre11t. Tlow would thrse flshermeu or traders.

Before one sets nul to answer thesP questions it is tH'CC'. These th. This lllidgc was a plain one thousand iles long. The sea stood in thdr mor1. But flrsl. I hn' aki ng tht Atlantic pass. J;;ight or uine guidtd tlw Srmta Cr11;;. Ultu to I nl. Banlt around :th O B c. I ILyPnlnhl wottdtrt'd why 1 he hnild1rs of tlw Clteop.

The papyrus hoat,lwwevt'r, hut a c. By lhe nastk period, they eould boast of boats us long as three-cur trains. J 11 t'xchunge for such products tlw mnde deliveries of gold, flnC' rilctal- work :mel writing materials--especially the precious Eg pt ian pa- ppus. Intercourse was earried on by traders iu canwans.

Egypt iat1 ornamentation and script werP t'mployed hy Plloenidan t'l'ttftsltlC'Il in t lw decomtiou of l'1alwork d iu other applied arts, whik I he Egyptians in turn borrowed tertaiu of the Phoenlcian tPdmk:tl pmcesses fur working Hlt'talo;," Till' tni.

Tlw walls of tombs and abouud with puinUugs of tltcm. The Pltocnidnns were prohabl among the hoklestund tht! Jest sca pi- lob of their litne hut not tquals.

I rans- vtr-;e lwam'! We have pointed to iullucmt on tltC' shipping of the F! IISPd hy tlw Swahili f'o1 trade. It' 'lttil. But it was 11ot nn attdb11tc of tlw Spanish cur- ave! This is dom. H Due lo this kind of pnntly:sis In windless st. Thus Vespm. Lusscd in Cltnplcr 12 , hut though Af'riean boats Wt. A small ernft, 1r il is Wt. J Mcnit'n in hi-; Lmwly Voyagcn. To prove litis point, that river boats cun It I he octm, again and again Atlantic crossings have ht'l'll made by hoats of IVery dcscdption.

But D1. Alain Bomhard rode a life raft. Accidental African voyagt'! Don Juan. Two rnain cnr rents- tltt Cuill t'a curre11l and tlw Canaries current- an rde- qml to our stud. This t'llrn. Tltis is one of tlw areas of Sonth A me1ica where we IHne of early horli ;ultme.

Long jollrtH' 'S aemss tlwrlerless wnstcs wcr ' not new to the Mandingo. They k1ww that thC' desert. His inlen''l in the :. Ahubakari the Second, durin! JOIISt' of knmvl- cdge available to him nnd which lw. Boure, '"as philanthropically The of the in!

Ltkt tlw J Luct, "Ancient in Ct'offrey A. Hornell, Ca11oes Oceania. Museum, Special T Nituw, Stllulialn:. NtwYork, lland StPplwll C. H Arthur Janu'' Weist'. IWi Su1ith. Ji1 ino;. Canlc11 C:ih. Cui' 'I C. Ill S C. Bm til. Bovill, op. J tfu [11nn. Tht had htgun to happl' ll. I whl l l'. Tltt plu11wd "qwnl "' th. Tlw Sd scqlt'ut took nlttf,! The disc: reprPsents tltc 11t Tht' wings arc those of tlw litkon god, llorus, the chief dcity of the: dym1sti c Eg Vtians, who united Upper and Lowtt' EgyjJl by 'onqtll'St.

The: two sNpcnts that cnlwim the disc and PxteiJ. Tlte ancient E! In pre-Columbian Anwrka the winp;Pd disc wa' placed on temple door as in Ewrt. The Pnlyuesian fonn of the winged disc is of special interc't hecansc it sf rows in the disc the hcad of the hi rd-dt'' on ring serpent- the r't'lar:.

Professor Elliott Srnith has showu how Egyptiam inlluenct'd gateways iu Asia. II not onJy carrit! But now let us return from the ancient! Quctzalcoatl was ubo the name gin11 a. Tflt:'l CAMI'. Tlw ntai II sourt. This word l1;t' lwe11 tomplvtdy mb.. Thoums or SL. Bren dan. Tltor l ll-Yt'r- d.

Tht' lut ,,JI nalht or A"ialk. Tlwn i. It i'i Olll' then-lore In ccnwede. Thcrt io; a disturbing and pl'rshllnl cl it bt quite nncomcious, so involuntary has betomc Lhf' racial relkx to cnatl' n white superman to aceount ror all cidlizalion and all 1 najor achic' tments of unn-Call usoicl ptoples. The Horus attaimcl ut cord to J. Breasted, "n stature nf eight cubits" near! BetaH:,e tlwre wC. A native ". I who has done the research oil the s11hjc c:L of' Qul'lznlcoatl. But in his allPmpt to do thi:.

The lcnth-c:entul ' that Hedlick gives fit in wtll his thesis. As thl' Jews wait 'd for tlw appeamnce of a :O. Smh an e:o. A cycle is Hfty-two l'ttrs by A nll'ril'an I nc.

Ahuhnk:ui tlw Setond himself, a.. The plum 'd St''lk'nt motif in ancient hat:k to a C:h earlier t:ontact. ThC' worsllip of tlw Dasiri is l'lmdy associated with the m:ti,ity of tlw ktttll't'. Tlris kum-e or kore is a 'embccrl'l sect perfonn certain dunces and sacrif'itcs under a trte when the spilit is st tpposecl to live. In both the Mcximn Quc-t1alcoatl and the Dasin wo! This blood dropping or bloodlettingS lll holit.

I n Da;11'1 won. Till' Dasiri is also worshiped ou aullltar of a conical or truncated lorm. Htinton, in his J-llemglypllics, thio; tree-. This work reveals the ht an design of the Cosmos. Above tlw 'Hrth-cube. They us11all c. In the Huildcr gorgets are lound not only the! Tluso an muong the most striking of tiH' objects in the mounds.

It was the representation of tltc vhihlt hca' and so was painted to rcprc! All arc pronounced thr same. Standing ilsel r. The cletail-; of the cap. I hat i. Qul'lzalcoatl ritual was rainmaking rihtal. The rainmaker thus an important person in hollt Afritan and Ameril'an cullurcs. IIC'Ver lost their ritual link with lltt land and the weather. They always kept thei1 roy. The discovery or tht ,keletons of nnl'i1 11t dans of Me The evidence M'l'lllS to suggest thnt these ' black a number of new ideas.

To proturl' rain the Peruvian black in a field. To cnsun a good hmvesl of their llw cereals, they o0cnd to tllC' gods It flife wild whitt m. For thouMmds of years thi. Tlw Americau Indians employed thP same ril uul of pricking or piercing the doll. The idea was that if the inwgP was ex- posed to llre, the person whom it represented would immediately fall into a buming fever; if it was stabbeo with a knife, the vict im would fecit he pain of the wound.

These practices are of great an- tiquity in Africa. An Egyptian wizard was prosecuted in JJ. H Remarkable as these coincidences in image magic may seem, they eou lcl not be advanced as evidence sug. Budge, Tltc Gods of the Egyptia11s, London. Methue11 ami Co. Mackenzie, op. For a discussion of the pre-Columbian cross in America and its correspondence with tlw Egyptian use of thf' cross on the Nile.

Martin's Press. Tlrt Spani. M ri , Ba,il I kdric:k. Till' Huma11 SJwcies. Pllh- li. Brigitta Wallalc. Chariot of tlw Cruls. William T. Jllinoio;, C'. Tlrmnas p 6. Stt ah. Htmy, op. Sell'l, CodC'x Vol. H:; Hirunati lmhc Kl'f!. John Bnvd Thacher. N , Tlw. A silver dust and mist h:1cl o; ttled on the watt. Jlct tlw cia,, of Qu. But Chit'hhmt wa"! J4 CMH. These strangers bad, in their passage to Mexico from some settlement in the south, picked up Nahuatl, the li11guH lianca of the Aztecs.

I le laad ka tow11 some of those nomads from the Llesert plateau. He thought of their condition as barbatit: and wretched. Unable to scrape a living from the land. The Chichimccs had never built temples or idols, bad no high priests. They lived in caves and donwd brush shel- They always ended up as misfits when they lingered in the town. But he had watched these black trader men from the tropi- cal sontla. They lu:tcl entered the valley of Mexico :lrnaed ;mel ap- prehensive, but with an air of authority.

Bnt the blacks had built a temple in the towaa as soon as they had formed a sizable capulli. This statue fascinated him.

It was fashioned ill the ronn of! As l gnado lhrnal points out, "After some litrtP thC' of the- word was enlarged to include.. In 01W hand it caJTiecl a sl i 'k. On this thl' leaned. Even thou. Thus ' had the f:l:Ods and rituals of the native ami the lOI'l'ign. Tlw years of the stnwgt-' rs had! The werewoll 'lilt among the Bambum, the tribe: of the Mandlngo. IL simple jump f'rollllwnw-llf!. In the Mexkan ritual the god of the nmunlcca is dolht'cl in Lhe werewotrs skin, although it wears a Jwn1a11 1nask on its lwatl.

ThP l3amhara ritual involves tlw feathered of two great birds. In Mtxko n pol carded on the hack of tlw god. In fad, in hath MPxico and Mnli, the gourd ralilt hcconws a Tnpi has not onl tlw word nwmca gourd rattle but momcuilluara wi:tard.

J n Mali at l'Ompnnying idolc; were symbolic of' the sewn-day week hy lltt Aruhs, but the Mandingo tltodillcd this introduction hy iu- serli ng two rest days Monday and Thursday to brmg it lnu. In where human wa' on! A look alllrturd rmu1 ti1C' word Co! Among tlw l Allonso de Garay.

L, uot car- litd rotward ill the tllain. In rwmn ,,OI. In Maya, more than Ollc idea is rooted in the word. They have an Arabic and came into the Mande through the Arab caravan trade. Equally interesting is maxtli, which in the American la11guage of Nahuatl means ''a waistcloth to hide the nudity. It is shown to conespu11d with Lhc Malinke word mnsili, "adorn- mf' nt," Bambara 11wsiri.

This barely covered a woman's privates, blling limn the waist to the middle of the thigh. Puc:hteca is a compound of poclt and tec:a, Teca may Le traced to the Mnnde word tigi , as l have already shown. This finds its counte q mi in the lan- guage of the Soninke, another people in the medieval Mandingo world.

Even today in Central Amelic. EHn the Abu bakari's hal f hrotlll'r. Nl' nrly all traveling i1 1 Wcsl Afric:t became Muslims. This is a characleris- tit: Muslim emblem. Ttowu as tlw "Ldtcm Harissillla," Colnmhm. Diaz could not lanvc ccwfmtd it with tlw its close couo;in. Tlwrc wt rc lions, to tlw suntla uJ tlae bright lam I-. Sunmngnn1 thC' soreern. I JI,.. It scctm that tltt oftiH' and I a I l ditiom Wl ' l t. Uld tltt nortluw. Heporh of fnnign g oup!.

African hont F. The Dully rif tlu A:. Sahaguu, up. I lc plac. Scmo;tellf', op. Coc, Mexicu, ' cw York. Also, S 'C Ignacio l3C'rnal. Mexico Before Cortez: Art, lfistory. Legend, tran Willis Ournstoue, Garden City. Nrw York, Doubleday, t Jmw-July tgfh.

I Program p. Cnuzalo 13elt ntll. CoopPr Publications, 19fi7. P 2.! I hul. II ,,J. Jnlut Boyd Thacher. Ills Work. Pwkl'll l. For rcfcrtnct to tlw latter contpati IJ71f I. Browu and of , Jtn- dtr huild and clark hair, mostly Negroid, '" having a broad and flat vtty shmt. I low l'OIIId thi ngs ltm c been turned so upsidl' do" n? It was so nat11ml to think of blucks us "hewers or wood and drawers or water. The sdentists of that cxpC'dition were equally astonished and impressed.

It came also at n tnmt! It ' 'Oilll' n mmt p 'lll il'ioll' r. Itt cnrst ul hl. Hurw had had. III d. Anothtl so11 l l. IIH It. O-pltau dnlization SkcIPtal materiallro 1. OO-]OU The used hoNs and l':trl:. Hcttnt ,m:ltac nltJ!! Tht 1l tlt. Ul'- 11 ' Auollu. L llatllil' Thuc; C. Selij4ti1,1J1, lltt l higntc d. Tlu t,trlit' l. J5UO R. Tht Amtdctm nnthropologist Ptltr Murdutk n tltto;.

Tlw Sndanif' ' fIll C. Inoue uftht flnlolt'i 11ftlll' 11 c. H'I lly l11od pllldtwtrs i11 -. IS taoo H. L, lltt ll'lll. Tlw hlad..

U" Il 1. I I 1 '"i It is to the last great of Egyptian history lwforc this radical chanKe hegins that we shall now turn onr at - l1nlicll1. For tl1is rcferellCt' see l lt'rhert J.

Basil Davidson. H Dawsou. Jl , 42 li. I Jo'o,lt'l op C'il. Jmmwl of. I l'tJllllioll njit,. L' W 94u, pp. Schwerin, op. For this ref- erence. Grosset and Dnnlap. New York, Charles Scribtwr's Sons, , p. RJ B, nu: J.. These arc the graves of tlte lorgotlen kings of Kush. Shabataka and Taharka or Tir-ha-kah. TllC'y were the last of the great sun kings of' the an- dent world. Thtst king:. Ihon of imn "vnpout;. Brtti SC'h- lkv. YI'' rult r llu Plumwhv.

IC'tttcltlw pll. J;,e;wations in 19 1 H h C. This word means "Southern Libym1s,'' and lw tho11ght she wa-; "great chieftai11css of' the Tenwhu. Lll- though placed in the tnnfus:ing talegory.. The bm ial prac- 1 ices an only but also very different from any- tiri ng f autd among the Lihyans. In of the Eg;1 lian cultural inllnenee and the graves of tht clear evidenLc nl' this the manner or tlw royal hnrial i-. The black lJngs an huriPd heels rather than in coffim. Shinnic, is Nttmlly can- linus.

Their blac-kness was not ''wrapped in obscurity. Thl' Nubian princes are setu in the pa]nting silting in m. J fas tht' Nubian beconw "fai11tly negroid' to use Sltinnie's shamefaced phrasc 1 1l as he leaw' tlw role of bl'- hind him and the doubh no" 11 of Both Arkell and Shinnie seck lo deny H1e "JC! Arkdl sap that "it mm. Hnce to hi' cldl r hut weaker b10tlwrs rlw. Tanu- t. Itt hattltlltJd.. II RrC'asled, in his J:gt! N uhia had been ntming toward her imlcpe11dPnce the tenth ccntut LI.

Upper Egypt Kashta. Piankhy B. Upper Egypt :. They had invad d Iraq. I ran. Thr lnu h ICA a. L "''-. H:ottu pClrl ml t 11 rts,. Tuia u nnothtrtlan r. It asserted the historical participation of Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Egyptian civilization.

It insists on the leading role it played in some periods and it tries to find out in what periods there existed contact between Black Africa and the Americas. We cannot of course reproach the author with what he could not know in He could not know Gobekli Tepe, the surrounding settlements, the Natufian villages, etc. Something like , years part in linguistic phylogeny. The book is thus essential.

The author insists on and explores the role Semitic Egyptians, Semitic Phoenicians, Black Nubians he does not specify their languages , Black West Sudanese he does speak of their languages and quotes essentially Bambara, Malinke and Peul. Most of the languages spoken by these Black populations were of the synthetic-analytical type known as Bantu languages, though Peul is slightly different.

In that perspective he insists on the Mali or Mandigo Empire founded in by Sundiata. The creation of the Mali Empire is the final success of Islam in this region which will bring the famous Kurukan Fuga Charter in or just after, legalizing the existence of slavery that could not concern Moslems that was re-imposed onto the animists.

This Charter was only rediscovered in But the author ignores completely the problem of slavery inAfrica and particularly the slave trade from Black Africa to the Arab and Moslem world in those centuries. In other words Black Africa provided slaves in exchange for Arab goods, like tobacco if the author is right. The book reopens the history of Black Africa but it does not consider some essential elements like slavery, slave trade and slave markets, not to speak of Islam and the direct consequences it had on Black Africa.

The first one is between and BC, during the 25th dynasty of the Egyptian Pharaonic civilization. At that time the Blacks from Nubia had managed to reunify the two Upper and Lower Egypts and to get the Assyrians away for a time. They needed metals to develop their war power in front of the Assyrians. The Semitic Phoenicians mastered the metallurgy technology like the Assyrians all of these speaking Indo- European languages at the time and conquering the Semitic peoples, like the Jews among others.

But Egypt was metal-poor and they asked the Phoenicians to use their sailing abilities to look for metal beyond the Mediterranean, going west. The soldiers provided by the Black Pharaohs were Blacks from Nubia. Van Sertima asserts that the sudden development of the Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica was due to this contact established in Mexico.

It would have been these Egyptians, Nubians and Phoenicians who would have brought to America the technology to build step pyramids, and many other things including some seeds. These merchants would have been behind the development of the cult of Quetzalcoatl, at least the black version of it, though the author does not explain why there was a mongoloid version up in Peru.

He states that the Olmecs were developed at the time but he does not specify in what fields and how, except an allusion to agricultural development but with no precision whatsoever. The Olmecs were only on the receiving side.

And the myth of the departure of Quetzalcoatl is typical: it is when these merchants finally left. Without saying so, the author implies that the Maya writing system using what he calls hieroglyphs, and some are supposed to be similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs, is in fact inspired from the Egyptian writing system. We even could think that they may have been able to use the old Sumerian writing system that was invented for commerce and that was still used at the time.

Why the old Egyptian writing system, and not the more advanced ones present on the Rosetta stone for example, we do not know, I mean the author does not consider the question. As for seeing some similitude between the old Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Maya very pictorial representations, it seems to me slightly farfetched. The fact that the sun is represented by a circle in both systems is in no way a proof because the sun is round as everyone knows, even for small children who draw the sun.

The most important thing is of course the discovery of the gigantic Negroid heads in Olmec country from La Venta onward. He gives an interesting set of figures. In Tlatilco in a pre-classic Olmec cemetery he says The conclusion is correct: the Blacks who arrived then were males and they at once intermarried with local women. DNA would be necessary to determine the proportion of Black genes in the total population, probably outreaching to everyone.

He more or less endorses that these Black Egyptians and their Phoenician sailors would have brought to America the ferment of their development with: massive organization of labor I would prefer speaking of division of labor and it would be necessary to clearly say the Olmecs were agriculturalists though the book does not say at what level: more about it later ; a trade network; ceremonial centers and pyramids; colossal sculptures; relief carving; wall painting; orientation of structures towards sun, moon and stars ; gods and religious symbolism; obsession with Underworld; representation of foreign racial types; hieroglyphic writing and scribes; seals and rings; use of iron; and even some more, particularly mummification of the dead and burial procedures with food, slaves, animals, wives, etc.

The journey was a sea voyage to the west starting of course from the west coast of Africa. Then and the Songhay traders from the same African west coast. In spite of the Olmec development asserted before these contacts with Muslim Mali would have been necessary to provide America with the cotton seeds needed to produce the American hybrids that appeared then.

It would have brought bananas, a seedless fruit that can only be reproduced by transplanting the root stocks after division, hence these traders would have brought banana root stocks, preferably dried out after division and before transplantation. They would have brought what the author calls gourds which are of various types, including the bottle ones used as vessels for various liquids or activities, including music.

It would have brought yams that can reproduce easily by cutting up one plant and planting the pieces. Finally it could have brought tobacco that is attributed to the Arabs, at least when considering its propagation in Black Africa. We wonder then what the Americans had to live on before.

Even the beans are considered only in the light of one particular type that was imported from Africa to the Americas. The point is that the mention of some purely American plants is short and partial. We were expecting some mention of tomatoes, chili peppers and other peppers in that line, potatoes in the form we know or as Ocas known as Indian potatoes and coming from Peru, etc. In other words the agricultural vision of America is so deficient that these Indians seem to be deeply primitive if not barbaric.

They had an agriculture. They did not wait for anyone to bring it. They had had their Neolithic agricultural evolution with the plants that were at their disposal, and there were many. He easily compares Arabic words and Bambara or other West African languages words and then Maya and other Mesoamerican or northern American languages words. He does not specify that Arabic is a Semitic language based on consonantal roots meaning that words are purely discursive and cannot in anyway be cut up in syllables, as the author does.

On the other hand Bambara or Malinke are Bantu languages based on word semantic classes that can go through declensions or conjugations and yet do not seem to have developed syntactic cases or at least a full set of them.

But the simple concatenation is the most common way. Van Sertima's critical cutting edge is that there is an anthropological and ethnographic dimension to the process of discovery, one in which black Africans of non-European origins played a central role. He marshals literary and pictorial evidence and shows its authenticity to be beyond question. The impact of these early discoveries is of far more than historical interest. They serve as a basis to examine anew the study of culture contacts between civilizations, and in so doing, offer a serious base to a multifaceted re-examination of earlier hypotheses of influences in both directions.

Early America Revisited provides anthropological evidence about the physical presence of Africans in pre-Columbian America. It is also the study of how two peoples and cultures can lead to cross-fertilization. The borrowing of artifacts and ideas does not mean that the outsider is superior to the native, or that indigenous cultures are insignificant.

Van Sertima contends that such relationships can be unpleasant as well as pleasant, conflictual as well as consensual. But, whatever the character of the interaction, its very existence merits awareness. This book is likely to engender disputes and disagreements.

But there is no question that it will enrich the study of a wide range of subjects, from archaeology to anthropology, and result in profound changes in the reordering of historical priorities and pedagogy.

It should be of wide interest to social scientists, historians, and all those for whom the question of race and culture is a central facet of their own wo. Now, five hundred years later, this 2-volume reference work will chart new courses in the study and understanding of Columbus and the Age of Discovery. Much more than an account of the man and his voyages, The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia is a complete A-Z look at the world during this momentous era.

In two volumes, The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia contains more than signed original articles ranging from to more than 10, words, written by nearly contributors from around the world. The work includes cross-references, bibliographies for each article, and a comprehensive index. The work is fully illustrated, with hundreds of maps, drawings and photographs.

Several other peoples had already been there, including the Chinese, Norwegians, Japanese, the Vikings and Romans.