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Read Museu de Montserrat. Leafcutters: Gardeners of the Ant World Stripping away vegetation in the New World tropics, leafcutter ants turn fresh leaves into mulch for their underground fungus gardens.

Serious pests for farmers and ranchers, they benefit grasslands and forests by aerating the soil. Quiet Miracles of The Brain Billions of cells in this fragile organ regulate our bodies, emotions, and memories. Still, the matter that makes us human remains full of mystery. The Fragile Recovery of California Sea Otters Nearly wiped out by 19th century fur hunters, these appealing mammals are reclaiming their coastal range.

But feasting on urchins and abalone, they rile local fishermen. Living a Dream on the Islands of Puget Sound Playground of orcas, eagles, and other free spirits, the islands of northwestern Washington are awash with newcomers. As resources decline, some longtime residents question the limits of hospitality. The Vimy Flies Again: Reliving the first aerial voyage from England to Australia Despite violent storms and engine failure, the author and his crew fly 11, miles in an open-cockpit biplane to retrace the route of the first England-to-Australia flight.

Wild Mating of the Nurse Sharks EXploration of a shark breeding ground in the subtropical waters off the Florida Keys gives new insights into the mating behavior of these fearsome-looking but usually benign reef dwellers. Blueprints for Victory Fifty years ago U. Presidents relied on National Geographic maps as they planned strategy, debriefed commanders, and negotiated treaties during World War II.

Today eastern and western Cherokee celebrate a common heritage. But watch out: Touch one and you might be dead. Oman Land of camel races and car phones, the oil-rich Sultanate of Oman guards its traditions while welcoming upper-crust tourism and economic development.

Prediction: more frequent and damaging quakes. The New Saigon Once crippled by war, a reinvented Ho Chi Minh City bustles as the hub of southern Vietnam, where entrepreneurs and returning expatriates inject cash and capitalist dreams. The Brindisi Bronzes: Classical Castoffs Reclaimed From The Sea A trove of classical sculptures — heads, torsos, and limbs — recovered from the sea off eastern Italy may offer the first evidence of ancient scrap-metal recycling.

Mountain Goats: On the Edge of Earth and Sky A hundred thousand years ago their ancestors sought refuge in the treacherous heights. Now these nimble cliff-hangers are undisputed lords of the ledge. Good intentions have run wild at the expense of jobs and property rights, say critics of the act. Yet overflowing slums and religious tensions pose challenges to prosperity.

Journey to Aldabra In the western Indian Ocean, four small coral islands, virtually uninhabited outposts of the Republic of Seychelles, teem with frigatebirds, giant tortoises, and a glorious parade of marine life. Maya Masterpiece Revealed at Bonampak Warriors clash, captives cringe, and royals triumph in extraordinary murals from Bonampak, Mexico, brought vividly back to life with the aid of computer wizardry.

Venice: More Than a Dream A city for the ages preserves its small-town intimacy and artistic glory against a flood of tourists. Grand Teton Development expands on adjacent ranchland, and more and more visitors surge into this splendid national park.

Can Grand Teton stay grand forever? A double map supplement reveals Nile Valley antiquities. Close Encounters With the Gray Reef Shark Using body language to signal attack, the gray reef shark is one of the fiercest of its kind. Wildflowers of Western Australia Land of kangaroo and koala, Australia also holds botanical treasures: the pink pigfaces, plume smokebushes, and 12, other wildflower species that paint the west in glorious bursts of color.

New Orleans: Upbeat, Downbeat, Offbeat Creole cooking, jazz rhythms, and the traditions of a storied past help override fears of drug crime and casino gambling. The soul of the Big Easy remains irrepressible. Perilous Journey: Three Years across the Arctic By kayak, dogsled, and on foot, a young Spaniard and his friends test the limits of survival as they traverse 8, harsh Arctic miles from Greenland to Alaska. Double Map Supplement: Prairie Provinces Animals at Play tickling and wrestling, toying with sticks and tires, animals young and old play together and by themselves.

Such behavior appears crucial to normal development. Could it also be just pure fun? A double supplement map focuses on the Prairie Provinces.

The Wreck of the C. Now a U. Recovering from economic missteps, they dance to the healthy beat of free enterprise. The ruins of their cities proclaim a golden realm that, for a time, outshone Athens itself. Music exerts the power to bring the people together. Buffalo: Back Home on the Range All but wiped out a century ago, the American bison is winning the West as others discover what the Plains Indians have long known: The powerful animals are ideally adapted to the region.

Madeira Toasts the Future The pace of life quickens on these lush islands of Portugal, whose membership in the European Union raises hope of new prosperity yet threatens traditional livelihoods. Rebirth of a Deep-sea Vent Descending to the Pacific seafloor, scientists have for the first time observed a volcanic eruption and its aftermath: the creation of living colonies of stranger-than-fiction organisms.

Our National Parks How well are we guarding these special places? A comprehensive report on a threatened heritage. The spirit of their far-flung enterprise inspires newly free nations.

Siberian Mummy Unearthed Locked in an icy burial chamber beneath the Siberian steppes for 2, years, a Pazyryk gentlewoman comes to light along with possessions chosen for eternity. The St. Lawrence: River and Sea Highway of trade and summer sailors, the St. Lawrence sweeps from Lake Ontario to the wide arms of the Atlantic, where Great Lakes cargo ships give way to whitecaps and whales. The Improbable Seahorse Sought after live as aquarium specimens and dead as aphrodisiacs, these odd fishes found in coastal waters worldwide face growing pressure from habitat destruction.

Double Map Supplement: Mexico Ireland on Fast-forward On emerald pastures, livestock grazes in the shadow of factories. Manufacturing now surpasses farming in the island nation, where hopes for the future crowd out dreams of romantic past.

The Sonoran Desert: Anything but Empty This parched realm of cactuses and pronghorns that straddles California, Arizona, and Mexico faces increasing development. Fantasy Coffins of Ghana: To Heaven by Land, Sea, or Air With a new funerary tradition — brightly painted coffins shaped like animals, airplanes, and luxury autos — Ghanaians honor the dead and celebrate their lives.

Ireland; Sonoran desert; Japan; Crimea, Ghana coffins. Lions of Darkness Stalking the grasslands of northern Botswana under cover of night, prides of lions bring down large prey — Cape buffalo, young elephants, and even hippos.

Pollution in the Former U. Double Map Supplement: Megalopolis Boston, Breaking New Ground From its massive harbor tunnel project to its first Italian mayor, this historic city is reshaping itself. A double map supplement highlights the Boston to Washington, D. This archaeological time capsule of Spanish life in Asia has revealed some unexpected finds.

Viruses Microscopic bundles of genes, viruses stunt tomatoes, drive dogs mad with rabies, and cause human woes from common colds to killer flus to AIDS. Scientists race to identify the newest threats. Cans and bottles, paint, tires, and motor oil, it makes economic and environmental sense to use them again. Boston; the San Diego Spanish galleon ; viruses; recycling; the northern goshawks. Beluga: White Whale of the North Small, social, and wary of polar bears, the beluga uses an array of clicks and whistles to chart its path through Arctic ice.

Researchers are seeking its migration routes. Central Pennsylvania: My Home Place In the Allegheny heartland, a native son returns home to the small towns, farms, and football fields of his youth. The train whistles have faded, but the integrity and self-reliance have not.

Its seeds and short fibers yield soap, cooking oil, dollar bills, and a base for dynamite. We are still here. Rice, the Essential Harvest Symbol of life, wealth, and fertility from ancient times, rice even today sustains half the world. Now scientists hope to reinvent the grain to wrest more food from less land.

With a double map supplement of Alaska. The Fading Call of the Siberian Crane Imperiled by hunting and habitat loss, these majestic birds soar miles high to wintering grounds in Iran, India, and China. Will the fight to save them succeed? Turkey; the English Channel tunnel; rice; Wrangell-St. Elias, Alaska; Michelangelo's "Last Judgment"; siberian cranes.

Includes map: Alaska. But can Everglades National Park survive the continuing diversion of its freshwater? Entrepreneurs hope fisheries and adventure tourism will bring hard cash and a niche among Pacific Rim markets. Riddle of the Lusitania Torpedoed by a German submarine on May 7, , the British luxury liner Lusitania sank in 18 minutes, claiming 1, lives. Nearly feet down in the Atlantic, scientists investigate the tragedy.

John Wesley Powell: Vision for the West Renowned for his pioneering voyage through the Grand Canyon, the one-armed explorer also made lasting contributions to geography and voiced visionary warnings about development in the West. Putting them on the map, climbers challenge cliffs, ice fields, and fjords. Now they invite foreign firms in hopes of making the city the financial capital of Asia. Americans still debate his legacy: Is it democracy or dictatorship?

Trinidad and Tobago Oil-rich and multiethnic, this two-island Caribbean nation makes an art of enjoying friends and family. Carnival, the yearly extravaganza of the senses, raises that art to its highest form. Aboard Bs they forged history, and lifelong friendships.

High Road to Hunza In the mountains of northern Pakistan, Hunzakuts find more rewards than drawbacks in the highway that has opened their once isolated Shangri-la to the outside world. The West bears the scars of federally subsidized grazing, mining, and logging — and faces a new land rush of visitors, developers, and retirees.

Return to Hunstein Forest A daughter of U. Connecticut Built on Yankee ingenuity and industry, the richest state in the U. Now Connecticut begins to reinvent itself for the post-industrial age.

Sea Turtles: In a Race for Survival Hunted for meat, leather, and their shells, sea turtles have suffered great declines in population.

All eight species are endangered or threatened, and scientists work to save them from extinction. Tatshenshini-Alsek Wilderness Park British Columbia, Canada: Named for two raging, glacier-fed rivers, this Canadian wilderness has ridden out a bruising battle over copper mining and emerged intact. The park crowns an international preserve. New Eyes on the Universe With revolutionary telescopes and a fleet of spaceborne instruments, scientists are seeing farther, and more clearly, into the universe.

Now they struggle to make sense of this extraordinary information. Des Moines, Iowa: Riding Out the Worst of Times A native son returns to flood-ravaged Des Moines, Iowa, and finds its virtues of grit, good humor, and neighborly generosity holding fast. Macaws: Winged Rainbows Deep in the Peruvian Amazon these largest of parrots gather to eat riverbank clay. Why they do so is one of the many questions explored in this first detailed study of macaws in the wild.

Himalayan Caravans As they have for centuries, trading peoples of northwestern Nepal cross the high Himalaya in great caravans to barter for salt. Now tourism and development threaten their annual treks. Glass: Capturing the Dance of Light Some 4, years ago craftsmen in Mesopotamia fired sand, soda, and lime to create glass. Today this solid that acts like a liquid turns up in everything from fine art to fiber optics.

Such rigors create a raw beauty, and instill an abiding sense of community. Passion Vine Butterflies: A Taste for Poison They float serenely amid predatory birds, harvest flowers on a set schedule, and may outlive all other butterflies.

Their secret: a taste for cyanide-laced plants. Himalayan caravans; glass; Lake Superior; St. Petersburg, Russa; butterflies. National Geographic - November , Special Edition. Taiwan has since become an economic powerhouse, and now a democracy. Fish and Wildlife Service over the right to develop traditional lands. But elsewhere there is healing for a nation depleted by one million war dead. The American Prairie: Roots of the Sky Only a few glorious patches of North American prairie survive, besieged remnants of the great grasslands that were home to Native Americans, bison, antelope, and p[prairie dogs.

EXplosion of Life: The Cambrian Period More than half a billion years ago an evolutionary frenzy gave rise to the main groups of animals in the world today. Recent fossil discoveries in China reveal myriad creatures of those ancient seas. Map: Atlantic Canada. Czechoslovakia: The Velvet Divorce Breaking up was peaceful for this year-old central European nation of 16 million.

Now Czechs and Slovaks face the challenge of shaping fledgling republics for a competitive world. Will public concern succeed in rescuing hedgerows and the wealth of wildlife they shelter. Sensors able to detect felled trees provided rich images, and hopes for global-monitoring missions. Sweden: In Search of a New Model Architects of a model welfare state, Swedes find their tidy world challenged by economic recession and immigrants behaving in decidedly un-Swedish ways. Bacteria: Teaching Old Bugs New Tricks Vital to life, bacteria are the oldest, most abundant, and perhaps most useful organisms on earth.

Today they star in everything from making headphones to cleaning up toxic wastes. Tragedy Stalks the Horn of Africa Behind the face of famine lies chronic warfare that has beset the Horn of Africa for generations. Can the beleaguered nations end the cycle of death that has already claimed millions? Innovative exhibits and breeding programs bring praise, and new concerns. A double-sided map supplement on the entire states reveals its star qualities.

Cyprus: A Time of Reckoning Long-standing rivalry between Turkish and Greek Cypriots threatens to erupt again on this sun-drenched Mediterranean island as the UN weighs cutbacks in it peacekeeping forces.

Chesapeake Bay, Hanging in the Balance With oysters, crabs, rockfish, and the great estuary itself, at risk from overharvesting and pollution, the six states in its watershed struggle to save the bay. Silence of the Songbirds A spring without birdsong? As human development spreads and avian habitat shrinks, many of the species of migratory birds that nest in eastern North America continue to decline.

Corn, the Golden Grain Domesticated 7, years ago from a Mexican grass, corn sustained pre-Columbian civilizations, from Aztec to Zuni. Today corn products include toothpaste, fireworks, and garbage bags. Bangladesh: When the Water Comes Time and again, cyclones hurl wind and water at the densely packed Asian nation, with tragic loss of life. Chesapeake Bay; iceman found frozen in the Alps; songbirds; corn; Bangladesh.

Central Park: Oasis in the City The great green retreat in the heart of Manhattan offers pastoral landscapes that draw 15 million visitors each year. Since Central Park has been a model for bringing parks to city people. The possibility exists, unless nations in the region set aside ancient animosities and cooperate to make use of adequate but dwindling supplies.

Key players in U. But resentment and even violence make for an often bitter welcome. Mongolian Nomads: Past Becomes Future for With the collapse of communism and central planning, nomadic herders return to their old ways.

Leaving cradle-to-grave welfare behind, they ride unfamiliar terrain in a market economy. Hurricane Andrew Aftermath The costliest natural disaster in U. Survivors rebuild as scientists learn more about how hurricanes work. Cairo: Clamorous Heart of Egypt In this swollen city of 13 million, people make their homes where they can, even in ancient tombs.

Facing severe pollution and high unemployment, Cairenes somehow retain a sense of serenity. Traveling by sled, by canoe, and on foot, he endures blizzard, grizzly, frostbit, and 1, miles of grim isolation. Mauritius: Island of Quiet Success Shortchanged by nature and beset with social problems, this small Indian Ocean nation has turned itself around, thriving today with a vigorous economy, a democratic government, and a wealth of separate yet cordial cultures.

Kazakhstan: Facing the Nightmare Emerging from Russian domination, Kazakhstan bears a horrible legacy: the consequences of Soviet nuclear testing. Ukraine: Running on Empty Fiercely nationalistic, Ukraine warily eyes its worrisome neighbor, Russia, even as the two share remnants of Soviet military might.

Easter Island Unveiled Haunting stone statues scattered over this remote Pacific island are mute testimony to a 1,year-old culture that has been transformed by contact with the outside world. Ogallala Aquifer, Wellspring of the High Plains The Ogallala aquifer, a remarkable subterranean water source, was once thought inexhaustible.

Now it suffers from overuse, challenging the inventiveness of those who depend on it. East Base, neglected since , now stands as an international historic monument. Former U. Double Map Supplement: The New Europe Volcanoes: Crucibles of Creation Horrific explosions from the underworld scorch the earth with liquid fire and block out the sun with ash.

But these vehicles of destruction also gave birth to land, sea, and atmosphere. Gatekeepers of the Himalaya For decades the Sherpas of Nepal have aided foreign climbers on expeditions in their mountain realm. Now, as a tribute to their people, an all-Sherpa team has scaled Everest for the first time. A double supplement map examines the changing face of the continent.

Whale Sharks: Gentle Monsters of the Deep Largest of fishes, these gentle monsters of the deep gather by the score each year to feed at a reef off Western Australia, but knowledge of their behavior remains elusive. Route 93; sherpas of Nepal; Milan, Italy; whale sharks. The Sense of Sight Our most remarkable and complex sense is also our most valued. Throughout the world, science is unlocking the mysteries of human vision and developing weapons against blindness. Eagles on the Rise An innovative hatching program is helping the bald eagle, cherished symbol of freedom in the U.

Scientists use satellites to monitor changes in the region. The sense of sight; blindness; bald eagles in the U. Yet the U. Geronimo This charismatic Apache leader fought the relentless advance of settlers and entered history.

A map supplement illustrates key sites in the cultural heritage of the Southwest. Hard Harvest on the Bering Sea In a brutal struggle with the elements, Americans and Russians reap the wealth of the waters off their shores.

Now other nations seeking a larger share of the catch threaten the fishery. Dolphins in Crisis In the past decade millions of these intelligent marine mammals have been drowned in nets or poisoned by polluted waters. Now the world acts to protect them. Their descendants reach back to touch the horrific past.

Minnesota Memoir: A Life Time of Lakes, Article and photographs by William Albert Allard A native son returns to the lake country of his youth and finds once sleepy fishing camps yielding to upscale resorts. The walleyes still bite, but solitude is a rare catch. Mural Masterpieces of Ancient Cacaxtla Vivid wall paintings unearthed in central Mexico depict gruesome sacrifices and mythical creatures, offering a glimpse of a long-lost culture of warrior merchants.

But many question its cost to the environment. Paraguay: Plotting a New Course On the heels of a military coup, this nation in the heart of South America is taking tentative steps toward democracy. A supplement map of the continent focuses on the imperiled Amazon basin.

Decimated by overhunting and vanishing habitat, only 30 to 50 remain in the East. But in the West, mountain lions are making a comeback. Now it must struggle to catch up. Pillar of Life As a magnet draws filings, a wharf piling in the Chesapeake Bay attracts a bizarre multitude of marine organisms, from sea horses to shipworms. Under the Spell of the Trobriand Islands Living in apparent bliss, the Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea deflect the outside world with mocking indifference.

But how long will the magic last? Map: Pacific and Indian Ocean floors. But to Russians this Sacred Sea embodies even more than its superlatives.

Sunset Boulevard: Street to the Stars Hollywood hopefuls, struggling immigrants, and desperate run-aways all yearn for their big break along the famous Los Angeles street that serves as a backdrop for dreams. The U. National Park Service proposes to turn the site into a marine park for divers.

Who Are the Palestinians? Scattered across the Middle East and beyond, a resilient and resourceful people follow diverse paths while sharing a common dream of world recognition. Cuttyhunk Seasons A tiny island off the coast of Massachusetts drowses through the winter to the delight of its 30 residents, then awakens in summer to a noisy invasion of visitors. India's wildlife; solar eclipse; gardening in the U. From city roof garden to backyard vegetable patch, the growing of plants soothes the mind and feeds the soul.

Georgia Fights for Nationhood As resilient as their age-old vineyards, citizens of the former Soviet republic face bloody ethnic strife and political turmoil in their reach for democracy under their own flag. DNA Profiling: The New Science of Identity With technology that pinpoints individual differences at the molecular level, scientists locate disease-causing genes and tie the guilty to their crimes.

Blackwater Country With the outside world closing in on the cypress-studded Okefenokee, old-time swampers in this Georgia-Florida borderland are becoming an endangered species.

Scattered residents treat one another like family. A map supplement highlights the heritage of British Columbia. Apes and Humans: A Curious Kinship From awe to indifference, caring to cruelty, contradictions mark our attitudes toward our closest animal relatives, the great apes: orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.

Bonobos: Chimpanzees with a Difference Round only in the tropical forest of Zaire and declared a separate species in , bonobos, or pygmy chimpanzees, display decidedly unchimpanzee-like behavior. So said the flamboyant, controversial general who strode to a place in history by flouting convention. Sacred Peaks of the Andes Ceremonial platforms atop 20,foot peaks yield Inca silver, gold, and mummified human remains, sacrifices to local deities.

Even today peoples of the high Andes worship the mountain gods. Lake Tahoe, Playing for High Stakes Will tight controls on land use save the famed blue waters of this Sierra Nevada lake, already inundated with casinos, subdivisions, and vacationers?

Place your bets. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: The Preventable Tragedy Each year thousands of women who drank during pregnancy bear babies with irreversible alcohol-related defects.

After a warm welcome, most face the cold reality of scarce jobs and housing. Eastern Wildlife, Bittersweet Success Bears on the back porch, alligators in the parking lot: The comeback of adaptable species creates unforeseen problems for suburbanites and wildlife managers. A supplement map illustrates transatlantic exchanges after Search for Columbus What forces shaped Columbus and spurred him to brave treacherous seas to seek the Indies? Old manuscripts hold a key to the mystery of the great mariner.

Miami Immigrants have converted a sleepy, southern city into a vibrant metropolis. But Miami simmers as ethnic groups compete for the American dream. Last Refuge of the Monk Seal Counting success one animal at a time, wildlife biologists on distant Hawaiian atolls work to save the rare and reclusive monk seal from extinction.

Macon airship ; monk seals. A map supplement details key events in the global conflict. Rain Forest Canopy Costa Rica : The High Frontier Penetrating a little-known realm more than a hundred feet up in the trees, scientists are unlocking secrets of plants and animals that never touch ground. Pittsburgh, Stronger than Steel Former king of steel, Pittsburgh paints on a bright new face with riverside parks, high-tech laboratories, and gleaming corporate headquarters, yet vibrant old neighborhoods endure.

Zaire River: Lifeline for a Nation Market, clinic, and moving van, a flotilla of barges carries 5, passengers on a thousand-mile journey through the African nation of Zaire. Satellite Rescue Grabbed from the brink of a fiery fate by the shuttle Columbia, a travel-scarred satellite promises to solve many mysteries about he environment of space. In this issue we take a close look at some of them, on the eve of cataclysmic change.

A double map supplement illustrates the heritage of Native Americans. Ozette: A Makah Village in Where whalers were chiefs and songs prized possessions. Rubies and Sapphires Dazzling even in industrial uses, crystals of corundum sparkle brightest as popular gemstones. Most pour through Thailand before reaching the world market. M includes map, Native American Heritage.

But the merger of diverse political and economic systems is challenging the ingenuity of the German people. A double supplement map highlights historical and cultural attractions. All Eyes on Jumping Spiders They leap on unsuspecting prey in midair. They boast wee-all panoramic vision. They are the remarkable jumping spiders, one of the most colorful and acrobatic families of arachnids. A New Kind of Kinship Organ and tissue donors save thousands of lives each year and make possible innovative research aimed at combating disease.

But demand is great, and more donors are urgently sought. Maya Artistry Unearthed Beneath pyramid ruins at Copan in Honduras, temples yield offerings unseen for 1, years, including clay figurines and flaked stonework of incomparable craftsmanship.

Undercover operations catch a few violators, but the siege threatens to become a slaughter. Germany; jumping spiders; medical donors; Maya art in Honduras; U. After the Storm Spilled oil sullies the Persian Gulf and shrouds of smoke from blazing wells turn day to night in the aftermath of the gulf war.